Omar ibn al-Khattab (died 644) was the second caliph of the Moslems and directed the spectacular Arab conquests and organized the Arab Empire.
Because Omar was iodin of the most adamant opponents of Mohammeds preaching in Mecca, his dramatically fulminant conversion to Islam in 615 is often regarded as a play point in the career of the Prophet. The fierce loyalty, which he gave to Mohammed, two as a warrior in the battles against the Meccans and as an adviser, was reinforced by marriage when his daughter Hafsa married the Prophet.
Early Conquests
At some(prenominal) rate, upon Abu Bakrs death in 634, Omar assumed the caliphate in his own right, patently without opposition. The immediate task confronting him was to direct the two-pronged military campaign (which had been launched in 633 by Abu Bakr) against the Byzantines in Palestine and Syria and the Sassanians in Iraq. In both fields of battle Omar gave new energy to his armies by send new levies of tribal troops.
Reforms
The conquest of vast areas in such a relatively short time soon created tremendous administrative problems for Omar. Since the Arabs had no experience as rulers of an empire, they were forced to assert to a great extent on the bureaucracies created by the Byzantine and Sassanian governments.
Nevertheless, Omar is credited with introducing several new administrative practices and institutions, which, in pairing with the customary practice of the conquered lands, gave stability to the Arab occupation and allowed the conquests to maintain their momentum.
Invasions of Persia and Egypt
doubtless of equal importance to these measures was Omars decision to establish garrison cities, kickoff in Iraq, and later in Egypt, to administer the newly conquered grime and to serve as bases for the invasion of Persia. In this way, Basra and Kufa were founded by Omar in 635, both of which were to become important centers of Islamic civilization. From these cities Omar launched...If you want to mystify a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay
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